Diversity And Cultural Issues Of Tesol Education - 1793 Words

Final Reflection Journal: Diversity and Cultural Issues in TESOL Education During the course entitled Diversity and Cultural Issues in TESOL Education, issues of diversity and culture, as well as methods, strategies, and approaches for engaging English language learners were examined. Students all over the world learn English for a variety of reasons. Some students must study English as a requirement. Other students wish to travel, study abroad, or work in the global marketplace where knowledge of the English language is seen as a prerequisite for success. Still other students have migrated to communities where English is spoken as the primary language. A school’s curriculum may be taught exclusively in English. Whatever the reasons for†¦show more content†¦Week 1: Introduction to Cultural Diversity I recognized that the other students in the course are teachers themselves employed overseas or in the United States. TESOL teachers are a diverse group of people working under varied circumstances and settings. While this revelation did not surprise me in the least, I felt it connected my own experience of having had taught ESL with colleagues from the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand. English itself is a diverse language with many regional varieties and dialects. As we debated the impact of cultural diversity in education, the question arose of whether or not English Teachers are truly prepared to effectively teach culturally diverse students. As I examined my own classroom interactions with culturally different students over the years, I realized that I had started out teaching almost completely unprepared. While I had a reasonable grasp of English grammar and vocabulary, as a recent college graduate my primary concern was simply to find viable employment. I had deliberately sought to live a life of adventure by working overseas. Aside from an attempt to remain open minded, I had inadequately prepared myself to engage culturally different students. I learned through immersion in a foreign culture, which included many unnecessary

The Debate Over Ap Language and Composition Argument Essay

The Debate Over Ap Language and Composition Argument Essay Doing this will enhance your AP writing. You should be ready to work hard from the beginning. If you can't determine what the question is, return and reread the prompt. The question wasn't merely an invitation to write discursively on the field of photography. The concept that you need to become successful with no assistance from anyone else that is extremely prominent in America is likewise the cause for the significant lack of mental health professionals, with only one professional for every one-thousand individuals(6). Higher education is the point where the real problems lie. By working with different individuals, you are able to learn from one another and request support. As you are learning English, you really have a benefit. The Downside Risk of Ap Language and Composition Argument Essay Furthermore, the interface is slightly clunky. The second point, that making connections is a sort of thinking which can be taught, cannot be proven until the very first point has been sufficiently supported. Work on pacing Sometimes the toughest portion of an AP test really isn't the questions but the time constraints. There are lots of approaches that could be taken to fix an issue so attempt to brainstorm different solutions. Choosing Good Ap Language and Composition Argument Essay Analysis is understood to be the action of breaking something down into its smaller parts to be able to find a better understanding the whole. Ensure you articulate a very clear position in your paper and that you adhere to it from beginning to finish. The body paragraphs are the center of the essay. Then you're given another random piece and you make an effort to put both pieces together. Imagine you receive a random object of metal or a spring. The Hidden Facts About Ap Language and Composition Argument Essay The small note at the conclusion of the prompt about avoiding plot summary is extremely important. Additionally, by arguing for the other side of your opinion, you are going to learn which points you will need to better address in your essay. If you're attempting to refute the argument, you're discover the weakest spots there. Attempt to choose the best devices to back up your argument that you are able to. Choosing Ap Language and Composition Argument Essay Although there are just two short paragraphs, there's a good deal of room for confusion here. Naturally, you also need to remember a conclusion isn't absolutely necessary so as to be given a high score. The fact of the matter is that dishonesty will always be an alternative, even beyond the classroom. The saying ignorance is bliss isn't necessarily always correct. The Chronicles of Ap Language and Composition Argument Essay You will find out more about the subject, and you'll have more vocabulary words to enrich the essay. Nouns may be used as adjectives. Adjectives are utilised to spell out the noun. 2 or more adjectives may be used with each other to describe a noun. You'd probably be better off purchasing a well-reviewed review book with practice tests. To excel in this training course, you require good rhetorical skills particularly for the persuasive essay section. Whenever you do take practice tests, it can be of help to find another person to aid grade your free-response essays dependent on the rubric. FairTest Our tests are based by exactly the same people they benefit. Whatever They Told You About Ap Language and Composition Argument Essay Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Instead, you wish to analyze the essay and be ce rtain that your claim is supported. You're able to work on the prompt types that you locate the most difficult or practice outlining essays in a particular period of time, or writing all 3 essays in 120 minutes. Tie every claim you make to a bit of evidence to make sure the very best essay possible. The source material used have to be cited in the essay to be able to be considered legitimate. You should make a strong well-supported analysis instead. There is a particular essay in the prompt that you should analyze. After you memorize all the terms and their uses, you will be ready for the majority of the multiple choice questions and the rhetorical analysis essay. The evidence is a significant portion of your essay.

Biogenetic Explanation on Mental Health Stigma-Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Impact of biogenetic explanation on Mental health stigma. Answer: One of the greatest challenges that the mental patients face is the societal stigma that is still a significant part of our society. However, the health care industry has metamorphosed completely since the medicalization of the entire treatment procedure, yet the conventional misconceptions in society regards the mental illnesses have not yet been completely eradicated. Many researchers have indicated the societal rejection and stigmatizing experience to be a major source of trauma for the mental patients and serve as a major hindrance to the well-being, safety and recovery. However along with the recent and robust technological innovations in the health care industry, there are measures being introduced to reduce the extent of stigmatization (Abramowitz, 2015). The biomedical model of health care can be considered one such example that has attempted to incorporate logical biogenetic explanation and clinical causes behind any disease like entities. Out of all the different elements o f a biogenetic model in health care, the biogenetic explanation is the element that has served to be the most beneficial for mental illnesses and the associated stigmatization prevalent in the society. This essay will attempt to explore and evaluate the impact of biogenetic explanations on eradication of social stigma with mental illnesses and attempt to determine whether it eases the treatment and recovery procedure for the patients or not contributing to their overall wellbeing. First and foremost a biomedical model defines health as a composite state that is free from any discomfort, pain, or abnormalities; any deviation from this state of absolute equilibrium is considered to be a diseased state caused by a pathogenic cause. Now the biomedical model when applied to mental illness sector posits mental disorders to be brain diseases that targeted pharmacological treatment, very much like any other health care concern (Deacon, 2013). This biology focussed approach to psychiatry incorporates policy, practice and science to device a robust diseases management strategy that facilitates logical and reasonable thinking with mental illnesses. Now it has to be mentioned in this context that the integration of the biomedical model has the potential to reshape the public perception regrading the different mental illnesses. It has to be understood that the most of the stigma or isolation that society imposes on the mentally ill individuals is the complete lack of knowl edge in the public regarding the different mental illnesses, the causes behind it, and the effect it imparts on the normal lifestyle and living of the individuals. With biogenetic explanation, the misconceptions and superstitions in the general public regarding the cause and effect of mental illnesses can significantly improve the health care experience that the mentally ill individuals receive (Boysen, 2011). Now in order to explore the impact of the biogenetic explanation in improving the public perception, it is very important to discover how biogenetic explanations apply to the mental illness sector. According to the most of the research authors, the biogenetic model categorizes mental illnesses in a manner that helps in increasing the tolerance towards the mentally ill. The biogenetic model when applied to the mental health sector accomplishes two key feats; it interprets mental illnesses as the direct resultant from biochemical imbalances in the brain tissues, and integrates the possibility of genetic predisposition into the entire scenario. There have been many research studies that have been devoted to discover the impact the biogenetic explanations can facilitate better understanding in the public regrading mental illnesses (Cechnicki, Angermeyer Bielanska, 2011). Elaborating more on this context it has to be understood that the stigmatization that is associated with mental illnesses is in most cases manifested into social isolation and rejection. According to the most of researchers, a compassionate approach towards the mentally ill individuals can improve the well being of the patients and can even contribute to their recovery scope and timeframe. Furthermore, another very alarming concern with the mental health scenario is the fact that the health care staff also contribute to the stigmatization which further deteriorates the overall care experience that mentally unstable patients receive. In such cases incorporating a biogenetic model that provides a clear and concise explanation of the mental illnesses and help the staff perceive the mental disorder clearly and avoid the inclination to blame the diseases individual for his or her mental condition (Corrigan et al., 2012). Now many of the researchers have deemed the biogenetic medicalization to be a positive process that has prompted the anti-stigma activities to a large extent, and one of the fruits that the efforts of this model has borne is the global interpretation of schizophrenia as a mental illness that affects the normal functioning of the brain and restricts the diseased person to perceive different facts normally and act in accordance to that (Kvaale, Gottdiener Haslam, 2013). Depression had also been successfully established as a proven medical illness with scientific medical reasons contributing to it. It has to be mentioned in this context that the medical recognition of these mental illnesses, schizophrenia and depression as medical diseases with causes and symptoms has helped a vast proportion of patients suffering with these concerns seel out medical help and recover (Howell, Weikum Dyck, 2011). Elaborating more on this context it has to be mentioned that social stigma contributes to a myriad of different restrictions being established into the care of mentally ill, it complicates accommodation for the mentally ill, restricts interpersonal contact, and above all, incorporates hopelessness in the patients regarding recovery along with posing chronic challenges in the path for the patient to have emotional well being and self esteem. The key purpose behind the introduction of biogenetic explanation in the mental illness sector depends on the assumption that the awareness regarding the biogenetics of mental illnesses will positively discourage the inclination in the public to blame the victims for their sufferings. However, there is a diverse assortment of external and internal factors associated with the procedure and there had been little evidence at the extent of impact that biogenetic explanation can bring forth on the stereotypes prevalent in the society towards the concep t of mental disorders (Larkings Brown, 2017). Shedding light on the real world scenario, there are different views recorded and represented in different research articles. According to the study by Angermeyer et al., 2011, social stigma represents the isolation and distancing largely and the authors of this article conclude that different kinds of biogenetic explanation impart differential effect on the stigmatization (Angermeyer et al., 2011). Jorm, Reavley, Ross, 2012 in their article opined on the other hand that social stigma is multifaceted and in-depth biogenetic explanation can increase the perception of dangerousness in the public, contributing more to stigma (Jorm, Reavley Ross, 2012). The literature published previously provide contradictory views on the effectiveness of the biogenetic explanations on reducing stigma, however according to the meta-analytic quantitative study design by Kvaale, Gottdiener Haslam, 2013, the reduced tendency in the public to blame the mental patients for their suffering is largely relat ed to the public endorsement of the biogenetic explanations. However it cannot be overlooked that in certain cases the level of detail incorporated in the biogenetic explanation of the mental illness has a severe impact on how it reshapes the public perception. For instance, considering a particularly severe condition as schizophrenia, a detailed biogenetic explanation is associated with stereotyping these conditions as dangerous and increasing the desire in the public to distance them from the diseased individual. On the other hand according to Kvaale, Gottdiener Haslam, 2013, the sample population and their individual level of perception and values impart a significant effect on the effectiveness of the biogenetic explanation as well (Kvaale, Gottdiener Haslam, 2013). Elaborating more on this context, a number of meta-analytical studies have attempted to clear the clouded understanding of how different biogenetic explanation setting imparts differential results. Kvaale, Gottdiener Haslam, 2013 in their articles have opined that contextual; genetic explanation of a mental illness have been found to be associated with lower stigma, whereas general biogenetic or neuro-chemical explanation is found to be associated with more stereotyping. It can be stated that distal genetic causes are perceived as less influenced by personal lifestyle choices and hence incorporate to lesser blaming or stigmatization. A contributing factor to this can be the fact that neurobiological pathways of a disease represent proximal behavioural explanations of the disease, which can be represented as antithetical to psychological explanations. This incomplete understanding of the public might lead them to believe the mentally ill patients to be more dangerous as they have neu robiological alterations contributing to unwarranted abnormal behaviours; which leads the public to feel stronger desire to distance themselves from the mental patients. Hence, when considering the anti-stigmatization campaigning, emphasizing on genetic explanations rather than general or neurobiological ones can facilitate better results and reduce the stigmatization effectively (Yang et al., 2013). On a concluding note, it can be stated that the introduction of biogenetic explanation in the mental health sector have undoubtedly been a revolutionary step. However, the heterogeneity of the explanations approaches opted is a potential threat to the effectiveness of this initiative. The research undertaken for this paper revealed a few key information regarding how the approach can be better in integrated to accomplish the ultimate goal of a society free of stigma towards mental patients; one primary step required to be incorporated in the campaigning activities is the emphasis on detailed genetic explanation of the mental illnesses as opposed to general neurochemical approaches. It must not escape notice that educational campaigns when employed as psychosocial intervention tool, may contain beneficial as well as harmful elements and there is need for a more evidence-based approach towards designing the anti-stigma campaigns, integrating elements that will effectively reduce the st igma rather than aggravating it further. It can be hoped that true genetic explanation of mental illness can prove to be an efficient device to reduce stigma and ease the process of seeking care for the mental patients with compassion and empathy References: Abramowitz, J. S. (2015). The biomedical model: Caveat emptor. The Behavior Therapist, 38(7), 169-171. Retrieved From: https://www.abct.org/docs/PastIssue/38n7.pdf Angermeyer, M. C., Holzinger, A., Carta, M. G., Schomerus, G. (2011). Biogenetic explanations and public acceptance of mental illness: systematic review of population studies. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(5), 367-372. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085563 Boysen, G. A. (2011). Biological explanations and stigmatizing attitudes: using essentialism and perceived dangerousness to predict antistigma intervention effectiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology, 151(3), 274e291. DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2010.481689. Cechnicki, A., Angermeyer, M. C., Bielanska, A. (2011). Anticipated and experienced stigma among people with schizophrenia: its nature and correlates. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(7), 643e650. DOI:10.1007/s00127-010-0230-2. Corrigan, P. W., Morris, S. B., Michaels, P. J., Rafacz, J. D., Rsch, N. (2012). Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a meta-analysis of outcome studies. Psychiatric Services, 63(10), 963e973. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.005292011. Deacon, B. J. (2013). The biomedical model of mental disorder: A critical analysis of its validity, utility, and effects on psychotherapy research. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(7), 846-861. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.007 Haslam, N. (2011). Genetic essentialism, neuroessentialism, and stigma: commentary on Dar-Nimrod Heine. Psychological Bulletin, 137(5), 819e824. DOI: 10.1037/a0022386. Howell, A. J., Weikum, B. A., Dyck, H. L. (2011). Psychological essentialism and its association with stigmatization. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(1),95e100. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.006 Jorm, A. F., Reavley, N. J., Ross, A. M. (2012). Belief in the dangerousness of people with mental disorders: a review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46(11), 1029e1045. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867412442406 Kvaale, E. P., Gottdiener, W. H., Haslam, N. (2013). Biogenetic explanations and stigma: A meta-analytic review of associations among laypeople. Social science medicine, 96, 95-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.07.017HYPERLINK "https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=ELScontentID=S0277953613004164orderBeanReset=true" Larkings, J. S., Brown, P. M. (2017). Do biogenetic causal beliefs reduce mental illness stigma in people with mental illness and in mental health professionals? A systematic review. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. DOI: 10.1111/inm.12390 Yang, L. H., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Kotabe, H., Link, B. G., Saw, A., Wong, G., et al. (2013). Culture, threat, and mental illness stigma: identifying culture-specific threat among Chinese-American groups. Social Science Medicine, 88, 56e67. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.03.036.

The Socio Cultural Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay Essay Example

The Socio Cultural Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay Paper Chapter 2 2.0Literature Reappraisal There are many research workers who have examined on how touristry affects the local people in a finish. They have worked on how to measure the negative and positive impacts of touristry on society. This literature reappraisal will be based on the research of the socio-cultural impact of touristry on the local people in Mauritius. This literature reappraisal will be completed by seeking for diary articles, relevant surveies which have been antecedently done on the subject. 2.1.1 Overview of Tourism Tourism is an active procedure which include direct and alternate relationship between people and conceiver of touristry merchandises. The interaction between people is the is frequently the necessary characteristic which characterizes a touristry experience. Sheldon A ; Abenoja argued that these experiences can take to both positive and negative impacts and this should be controlled in order to maximise the positive impacts and minimize and negative impacts. Positive and negative characteristic of touristry can be moved to the tourers and the host population as a touristry merchandise can merely be consumed in a finish. We will write a custom essay sample on The Socio Cultural Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Socio Cultural Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Socio Cultural Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One of the most influential socially based programs refined to analyze the impact of touristry has on local people and the environment in which the local people live is on the work of Doxey ( 1975 ) , who was able to show the feeling that local people show as touristry extend and start to utilize greater country of a local economic system over clip. ( Doxey ) besides argued that there are fundamentally four degrees to be considered when measuring local feelings towards the touristry industry. These are as follows: Euphoria: This is where tourist semen to a finish where they are received with small control and planning in a finish Apathies: Tourists are accepted by the local people in a finish, commercialisation takes topographic point and there is a relationship between groups. Irritation: As the touristry industry is being saturated, local people tend to hold uncertainness about a location of touristry. Tourism contrivers increase substructure alternatively of commanding the growing of touristry. Hostility: Local people start to go annoyed and this is presented to tourers and touristry and planning is renewing. 2.1.2Resident-visitor dealingss: Doxey s Irridex It became clear that without the support of stakeholders, touristry would non be successful in the long term. This is specifically suited for the communities who host the visitants. Doxey ( 1975 ) , Doxey suggested an easy set of phases, showing a host community response to and relationship with an increasing figure of visitants. He suggested that local acceptance thresholds and the the opposition of the host community to the increasing figure of touristry development established a fright that they might lose community individuality. Furthermore, Doxey s ( 1975 ) Index of Irritation ( Irridex ) symbolizes the go uping sensitiveness of local occupants as the impact that visitants cause additions. Kreag ( 2001 ) said that the figure of impacts from touristry is physically broad and it frequently has the authorization on countries beyond those normally linked with touristry. It is hard to mensurate the exact type and magnitudes of impacts of touristry as they can non be viewed in a separate manner because the consequence brought by touristry entirely and the consequence which has been accomplished by other agents of alteration such as modernisation, development, and the influence of media Archer A ; Cooper, ( 1994 ) ; Lickorish A ; Jenkin, ( 1997 ) ; Mathieson A ; Wall, ( 1982 ) . 2.1.3 Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism Oppermann A ; Chon, ( 1997 ) , argued that the socio cultural impacts should be available in towns and it should be designed in such a manner in order to accomplish the ideals of sustainable development. Smith ( 1995 ) reported that the socio-cultural impacts of touristry occur when there is the interaction between the host , or local people, and invitees , or tourers. However, Glasson, Gofrey and Goodey ( 1995 ) argued that the socio-cultural impacts are the people impacts of touristry and it concentrates on the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours alterations and quality of life of occupants in a finish. It has been stated by Opperman and Chon ( 1997 ) that tourer and the host interactions does non hold consequence on the hosts and the society of the host, but besides it has an consequence on the tourers and the tourers societies. Cooper et al. , ( 1998 ) ; said that socio-cultural impacts have both positive and negative signifiers and it is the hosts and the invitees who are affected, Oppermann A ; Chon, ( 1997 ) . Furthermore, Pi-Sunyer, ( 1973 ) , stated that socially and culturally, touristry has frequently been victim of societal tensenesss. Boissevain, ( 1979 ) ; Tsartas, ( 1992 ) argues it can be noted that the chief impacts affected by the tourers and host relationship are the presentation consequence, that is when the behavior of the hosts community is developed in such a manner to copy the tourers. During their stay in a finish tourists interact with the local occupants and this interaction brings an result such as alterations in the quality of life of the host s community, value system, labour division, household relationships, attitudes, behavioral forms, ceremonials and originative looks, Fox ( 1977 ) ; Cohen ( 1984 ) ; Pizam and Milman ( 1984 ) . De Kadt ( 1979 ) have stated that the brushs of tourers and the hosts occur when tourers are purchasing goods and services from any host single where there are at the same topographic point and at the same clip and where they can interchange thoughts and information. Another type of brush which occurs in touristry is where there is a failure in advancing common apprehension among different states and stereotypes prevail, Nettekoven ( 1979 ) ; Krippendorf ( 1987 ) ; OGrady ( 1990 ) . In add-on, White ( 1974 ) ; Brougham and Butler ( 1977 ) ; Jeffs and Tavis ( 1989 ) ; Wallace ( 1997 ) reported that socio-cultural impacts of touristry besides include alteration in the linguistic communication that is used in a finish growing in the ingestion of alkies, offense, harlotry and chancing Young ( 1973 ) ; Graburn 1983 ; OGrady ( 1990 ) . Harmonizing to Brunt and Courtney ( 1999 ) argued that socio cultural impacts of when there is the interaction of tourists-host could be utilized to host oc cupants and was affected by their function and their relationship within the touristry industry. 2.1.4 Communities Perspective of Tourism Fredline, ( 2004 ) considered the attitude of local people the big scope of the positive and negative impacts of touristry on the community at big and single can be analysed. Ratz ( 2002 ) said that the lives of the host s community are changed by two major factors which are viz. the tourists-host relationship and the development of the touristry industry itself. Local people and foreign companies are encouraged to put in different types of tourer endeavors Larsen ( 1998 ) and this is looked in such a scheme to actuate economic activities to take topographic point which will do the province become richer. In a host community, non every people perceive the impacts of touristry in the same mode. Researchs say that the degree of satisfaction of occupants in a finish and their attitudes in relation to touristry are conditional on their perceptual experience of the impact of touristry. Resident s reponse to touristry impacts It is of import to cognize the reaction of occupants to touristry and the schemes that they use to minimise the negative impacts from the touristry exchange. Two theories which is the Doxey Irridex theoretical account and the touristry country life-cycle theoretical account by pantryman ( 1980 ) were used to to explicate occupant s reactions to touristry. However it has been said that these two theories are excessively unidirectional and massive, being non able to place that different sets of schemes may be available at the same time within a part, Dogan ( 1989 ) . The theories that have been viewed in the past old ages as the most efficient 1s, were based on the option of the Butler ( 1975 ) and of Dogan ( 1989 ) : Butler ( 1975 ) describing a past work by Bjorkland and Philbrick, analysed the advancement that occurs when two or more civilizations come into interaction and suggested this work within the residents-tourist relationship ; he stated that the occupant s attitudes can be favorable and unfavorable during their communicating and occupant s behavioral response towards touristry could be working or digesting from these differences, a four-cell continuity topologies was developed. 2.1.5 Socio-Cultural sustainability Cultural sustainability is the care of local values, the manner that people live in their environment and individuality Heikkinen et Al. ( 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Besculides, Lee, A ; McCornick, 2002 ; Simpson, ( 2008 ) the cultural and societal as facet of sustainability may be supported by touristry development by allowing a alteration of worsening traditional industries appealing substructure development advancing pride mentioning to civilization and community, furthering cultural credence amongst visitants, maintaining cultural heritage, furthering transverse institutional credence and convey into being educational favourable fortunes. However, Liu ( 2003 ) ; Stronza, ( 2007 ) , argued that touristry can convey up new life styles, belief, and values to hosts, and come through alterations in the life signifier of the communities. 2.1.6 Positive socio-cultural impact of touristry United Nations, ( 1996 ) ; Jamaica Sustainable Development Network, 2001 ; Tourism Product Development Company ( 2005 ) ; du Cros ; ( 2001 ) , Tourism brings into part of an betterment of the societal substructure in a finish. Cultural development can be considered as a positive impact of touristry. Assorted state of affairss exist where touristry is the active force behind the saving and consciousness of local civilization and traditions. 2.1.7 Negative socio-cultural impacts of touristry For some islands, there are negative societal impact that are created due to touristry. An addition in the monetary value leads to a autumn in the criterion of life of the local community. Fishermans are deprived from their business. Sometimes locals are prevented to acquire entree to public beaches as most hotels give precedence to tourers to bask the beaches and therefore locals are left with lone portion of the beaches. Furthermore, there are capacity issues where the beaches are overcrowded which leads to traffic congestion and noise pollution, change by reversal socialization and high offense rates besides occur ( United Nations, 1996 ; PA Consulting Group, ( 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Hejazeen ( 2007 ) , he distinguished the socio-cultural impacts of touristry on five communities at five historical sites around Jordan. In Petra Hejazeen ( 2007 ) noticed that there were a figure of negative impacts such as people get downing to devour alcohol drinks, kids who are non traveling to s chool, and the job of co-modification whereby the local people imitate the tourers. 2.1.8 Physical influences doing societal emphasis The physical power that increasing touristry has on a finish can do societal emphasis because this brush the local community. Cultural devolution such as harm to cultural heritage may take topographic point from hooliganism, littering, pilferage and illegal remotion of cultural heritage points or by altering the historical landscape that surrounds it. Resource usage struggles will originate because there is a competition between the host community and the tourers for doing usage of premier resources such as H2O and energy which are limited in supply. Conflicts will originate when there will be the building of hotels in coastal countries. 2.2.8 Culture Clangs As touristry is the motion of people to different topographic points geographically and topographic points of societal relation between tourers and the hosts, civilization clangs may come frontward because of differences in their civilizations, cultural and spiritual groups, values, life styles, linguistic communications and degrees of prosperity. There will be economic inequality between local people and the tourers as they spend more than they frequently spend in an economic system. 2.2.9 Behaviour of tourers doing annoyance Tourists normally fail to esteem local people and their moral values due to carelessness in a finish. They may non esteem the locals traditions by taking images where they are non allowed to make so and they may besides be non good dressed in spiritual topographic points like temples, mosques, and church. 2.2.3 Crime Jud ( 1975 ) stated that sum of condemnable motion confronting foreign tourers grows as the figure of illegal opportunities addition. He besides said that the more tourers reaching in a finish will ensue in more opportunities for offense to take topographic point. However, Lin and Loeb ( 1977 ) argued that there might non be a certain connexion between tourers and condemnable activities. Furthermore, Bernasco and Luykx ( 2003 ) stated that there are three factors which pull offenses against belongings and these are attraction, chance and handiness. As a consequence if communities do non protect themselves and amiss put in order by external bureaus, some persons will precise their personal disposition and devotedness towards condemnable behavior. Furthermore, Shaw and Mc Kay ( 1992 ) stated that a weak organisational signifier within a community may bring forth an environment more favourable for felons against people and frailty versa. 2.3.1 Job degree clash There has been a deficiency of professional preparation and low-paid touristry occupations such as server, cleaner horticulture are offered to local people whereas the higher-paying occupations are like managerial occupations are offered to aliens. 2.3.2 Change of local individuality and values Conventional touristry can convey impact alteration or loss of acknowledgment and values and leads to influences as stated below: 2.3.3 Commercialization of local civilization Tourism can turn local civilization into merchandise and this is when spiritual traditions, local imposts and festivals are diminished to set to tourist outlooks and this has been called as reconstructed ethnicity. 2.3.4 Standardization A finish purpose is to fulfill and it risk standardisation, adjustment, nutrient and drinks, etc must run into the privation of the tourers in a finish 2.3.5 Adaptation to tourist demands In finish tourers have the desire to purchase keepsakes, humanistic disciplines, trades, cultural manifestations. Craftsmen in many tourers finishs have changed their merchandises by planing new types to do them fit the new client s gustatory sensations. 2.3.6 Increase of Prostitution and sex touristry Harmonizing to the WTO ( World Tourism Organisation ) experts ( 1994 ) sex touristry has its chief purpose that consequence of a commercial sexual relationship. Sexual activity touristry is perfectly touchable brush in which the spouse is non any longer an alive object. Many work forces go to Asia to take Asiatic misss because no communicating is possible. Sex workers can be migratory adult females in a finish from neighboring states. Furthermore, sex touristry has impacted to an addition in AIDS in India. It has been discovered that upper class hotels have their supply for sex touristry to take topographic point. Sexual activity touristry is besides linked to drug pedlars who search for long holiday tourers at inexpensive finishs. 2.3.7 The economic impacts of touristry Loomis and Walsh ( 1997 ) stated that concerns and public organisations are increasingly demoing involvement in the economic impacts of touristry at national, province and local degrees as the touristry industry contributes to the state s balance of payment ( BOP ) and this provide a great supply of income, said Tatoglu, Erdal, Ozgur, A ; Azakli, ( 2000 ) . The World Traven and Tourism Council ( 2012 ) reported that touristry can be good to an economic system in footings of increasing the Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . Furthermore, Andereck Valentine, Knopf and Vogt ( 2005 ) reported that touristry industries can hold a positive consequence on the economic system of a community by set uping diverseness, and revenue enhancement gross. Furthermore touristry is taken into consideration as a determiner that provides a higher living criterion and which consequence to pull investors to make investings and tourers to pass which as a consequence creates greater benefits than costs Brida, reported Osti A ; Faccioli, ( 2011 ) . 2.3.8 The benefits that tourism conveying in an economic system Rithie, 2000 ; Carolson A ; Millan, ( 2002 ) ; Getz, ( 2005 ) said that the events in a finish tend to better the substructure and development capacity. Westerbeek et Al. ( 2005, p. 133 ) reported that when substructure is good articulated consisting of physical locales, adjustment and installations such as conveyance can take a an even to success and cut downing costs, bettering the convenience of witness, every bit good as the jock and long term benefits for the local community when the event ends. 2.3.9 Multiplier consequence Tourism as a supply of income is hard to mensurate, this is because it creates multiplier consequence Clarke et Al, ( 2009 ) ; Brida et Al, ( 2010 ) ; Rastegar, ( 2010 ) . Multiplier consequence is the copiousness of money which is generated due to tourist disbursement in an economic system it increases as it passes through different countries of the economic system reported Dritsakis, ( 2008 ) ; Boopen, ( 2006 ) . Tourism does non merely take to employment chances but besides motivates growing in the primary and secondary sectors of the industry. Primary touristry sectors viz. , lodging, dining, transit, amusements and retail trade are influenced straight and most of the other sectors are have impacts of the secondary effects. 2.4 Direct consequence in the economic system These are production alterations which are linked with the existent effects of alterations in touristry outgos. An addition in the figure of tourers remaining in a hotel would take to an addition in net incomes due to gross revenues in the hotel sector. Direct effects of tourers passing besides include hotel payments for rewards and wages, revenue enhancements, and supplies and services. 2.4.1 Indirect consequence in the economic system This is the re disbursement of the hotel industry s grosss in other behind industries. For illustration industries which supplies merchandises and services to hotels. Alteration in gross revenues, occupations, and income in the linen supply industry shows another country of indirect effects after all linking hotels to assorted grades to multiple other economic sectors in the part. 2.4.2 Induced consequence in the economic system Induced consequence is the household income earned straight or indirectly by touristry disbursement. For illustration employees from the hotel and employees from the linen supply are supported straight and indirectly by touristry, they spend their money in the local part disbursals of lodging, nutrient, transit and disbursement of added pay, salary, or proprietors income are considered as induced consequence. 2.4.3 Indirect effects of touristry on GDP ( Gross Domestic Product ) Tourism is a large component of the services economic system, stand foring 30 % of international trade in services. Taking into history of the gross, the T20 states generate about 70 % of planetary tourer activity. In add-on, the part that touristry can do to the growing of the economic system is found in its indirect impacts, which in the T20 states demoing over 45 % of touristry s entire parts to the GDP. These indirect impacts which are linked both to goods and services bought by the touristry sector and to investing and public disbursement multiplied by touristry are an of import factor of economic growing. 2.4.4 The exchange rate consequence of touristry Tourism is a major foreign currency earner as it supplies the market with foreign currency and this market would non be if touristry would non be so big. This diminishes the cost of foreign currency below what it would otherwise be. 2.4.5 Creation of employment Harmonizing to Bridenhann and Wickens, ( 2004 ) , touristry is an industries among many other industries which has the highest power to lend towards occupation creative activity and economic development, particularly in rural countries. 2.4.6 Environmental impact of touristry Negative environmental impacts takes topographic point when the degree of visitants in a state exceeds the transporting capacity of an environment or usage greater infinite that is required for an environment. When it is uncontrolled, it brings menaces to many natural countries around the universe. The environment quality, natural and semisynthetic is of great importance to touristry. However, the relationship with the environment is intricate. The environmental impact is related with the building of the general substructure in a finish such as roads and airdromes, and of the installations of touristry, such as resorts, hotels, eating houses, stores, golf classs. As the negative impacts of touristry can destruct the environment in the long-run, and these impacts should be minimized. Further literature of the negative environmental impact of touristry is as follows: 2.4.7 Land Degradation The of import resources of land are fertile dirt, woods, wetlands and wildlife. Due to an addition in the building of touristry installations at that place has been force per unit area on these resources. Direct impact can be caused by supplying tourers with the installations needed such as adjustment and other substructure needed on the environment. Furthermore, when there is deforestation, forest frequently suffers from this catastrophe. 2.4.8 Air and noise pollution Pollution is something harmful that begins into the environment and these harmful stuffs are called pollutants. It can be natural such as volcanic ash. Pollution can be besides produced by human activity for illustration rubbish or overflow produced by mills. Pollutants damage the quality of air, H2O and land. There are assorted things that are utile to people create pollution. Cars eject pollutants from their exhaust pipes. Burning coal to bring forth electricity pollutes the air. Industries and places spread refuse and sewerage that can foul the land and H2O. 2.4.9 Impacts on Biodiversity Tourism can do loss of biodiversity in assorted ways for illustration by viing the wildlife for home ground and natural resources. Negative impact on biodiversity can be caused by treading, emphasis in animate beings, import of occupying species, devastation of home grounds, marine home ground impairment. 2.5 Strain on H2O resources Water is one of the of import resource that is needed to last and for a concern to go on to run H2O is need in the mundane operation of the concern. Hotels usage H2O in swimming pools, golf classs and besides H2O is used by the tourers for personal usage. Therefore there is a inclination for deficit of H2O and bring forthing a greater volume of effluent. 2.5.1 Energy Use Hotels use immense volume of H2O. Tourists remaining in a hotel usage on mean 1/3 more H2O per twenty-four hours than a local dweller. The ingestion of energy per M2 per twelvemonth by one star hotel is 157kwh ( 380 KWh in a four star hotel ) ( EEA, 2003 ) . However, the substructure is non suited as it has been designed to get by with peak periods. 2.5.2 The function of the UNWTO, ( United Nations World Tourism Organisation ) towards the environment In order to forestall the unfavourable impacts of clime alteration, the IPCC studies 2007 need 25-40 % emanation decrease sphere for the Annex 1 Parties ( industrialised states ) by 2020, compared to the footing twelvemonth 1995. 2.5.3 Natural resource depletion Natural resource depletion, the use of land alteration, pollution and the debasement of the environment are the dominant impacts on the environment because of the speedy enlargement of touristry in many finishs and without appropriate schemes to protect natural-cultural resources from the force per unit area of touristry Bramwell and Lane, ( 2010 ) ; Davenport and Davenport, ( 2006 ) ; Gossling, ( 2002 ) ; Favro et al. , ( 2010 ) ; Kuvan, ( 2005 ) ; Madan and Rawat, ( 2000 ) . Harmonizing to Welford et al. , ( 1999 ) said that sustainable touristry has been contending with uncontrolled and unplanned touristry and this includes steps to decrease the negative impacts that mass touristry causes such as the devastation of delicate ecosystem and local civilization and besides the depletion of natural resources. 2.5.4 Ecotourism Society ( Ties ) which is an ecotourism society argued that ecotourism is people going responsibly to countries of nature and they keep the environment clean by being witting about their act towards the environment and better the wellbeing of the local people. With the activity of ecotourism, most of the net incomes remain in the local economic system and it is of a smaller proportion and holding low import escape. 2.5.5 The finish lifecycle About all finishs have a lifecycle. Harmonizing to the pantryman theoretical account, the basic thought of 1980 is that a finish starts about unknown and there is besides a limited figure of visitants as due to deficiency of entree, installations, and local cognition which is labeled as the geographic expedition phase Miller and Gallucci, ( 2004 ) . Butler s Tourism Area Lifecycle Model 2.5.6 The 7 phases of tourer development Exploration: The geographic expedition phase is when merely a little figure of tourers visit a finish. At this phase, the country remains good since there are few tourers and the handiness of installations is limited. The finish is deserted and has a sleepy visual aspect with small or there might be no development. At this phase, a limited figure of concerns exist and the provided installations are owned by the local people. Engagement: The engagement phase includes local people that start to supply installations to tourers within the finish and it becomes to be recognized as a tourer finish. In the engagement phase, there is an interaction between the locals and the visitants and this will stay high. Tooman ( 1996 ) , said that the engagement phase is where touristry does non impact the economic system, it can make desirable effects and the benefits goes to the local people be bring forthing linkages, economic diverseness, and more clip to set up the history to command growing of the touristry sector. Development: The development phase takes topographic point when the host state starts to do people cognizant about the finish through advertisement and the country starts to be recognized as a tourer finish. At this phase the local people tend to back up the consequence that touristry conveying to their state because it contributes economically, Bramwell ( 2003 ) . Consolidation: This is where the finish continues to pull the figure of tourers. The growing of tourers Numberss may non be fast as in the other phases as there exists some tensenesss between the host community and the tourer. Stagnation: The stagnancy phase takes topographic point when the installations that are provided to tourers start to go old as tourers are bored with the installations which has been provided long ago. At this phase, the figure of tourers in a finish may take to a diminution. Rejuvenation: Rejuvenation occurs when there is the demand for betterment. At this phase, investing and modernisation may happen and may ensue to an addition in visitants Numberss. Decline: The diminution phase occurs when the greening ( phase ) has non taken topographic point yet. As a consequence, people working in the touristry industry lose their occupations and the image of the finish besides suffers. 2..5.7 What is civilization? Culture has a specific function in the reconstitution of an urban economic system and individuality, an spread outing literature appears on culture-led regeneration in the metropoliss of the improved universe. Regeneration is the complete alteration of a topographic point that is demoing cogent evidence of physical, societal and economic diminution, said Evan ( 2005 ) . However, civilization is said to be an inducement for the regeneration development, although the judge articulate the chief clangs. Jensen ( 2007 ) reported that while culture-led regeneration work attempt to re-build the urban economic system and image, they frequently offer concern to development ends such as economic, belongings development and urban entrepreneurialism instead than the sort of life aims, the safety of local beings, societal justness. Hofstede, ( 2001 ) ; Reschner, ( 1969 ) reported that civilization can come on easy over clip or may modify wholly in a short clip period due to a fluctuation in engin eering, alteration in values, inclusion by another more dominating civilization and catastrophe of large-scale and country as wars affliction and natural semisynthetic catastrophes. Furthermore, Richards and Wilson, ( 2006 ) ; Zukin, ( 1995 ) reported that cultural heritage is the chief attractive force of metropoliss, cultural heritage preserves the cultural values of the topographic point and links people to their assembled memories, they besides said that metropoliss have now made a concern of civilization and cultural topographic points in most instances become more market-oriented because of lessenings in the degree of public support, reported Richard, ( 1996 ) . However, while civilization remain an of import component for touristry and urban economic system, the meaning of civilization becomes more unsure. Jensen ( 2007 ) defines civilization as a manner of life, while cultural assets becomes the creative activity of a topographic point that includes both touchable and intangible qualities. Hence cultural touristry is no more somewhat the imaged decline of high civilization graphicss such as galleries, theatres and architecture, but is turning for the inc lusion of giving visitants the chance of swamping off the ambiance, Galdini, 2007 ; Richards, 1996 ) . Reisinger A ; Turner, ( 1999 ) stated that while there is no universally agreed definition of civilization, there is no transcultural variable by which civilization can wholly differentiated and successfully compared. In researching in the image of a finish, nationality is likely to be the cardinal asking variable to understand differences in perceptual experience among visitants holding assorted civilizations, Beerli A ; Martin, ( 2004 ) ; A Campo A ; Garau, 2008 ; A Joppe et al. , ( 2001 ) ; A MacKay A ; Fesenmaier, ( 1997 ) ; A Mayo A ; Jarvis, ( 1981 ) ; A Prayag A ; Ryan, ( 2011 ) ; A Ryan A ; Cave, ( 2005 ) .A Dann ( 1993, pp 108-109 ) argued as touristry is a planetary phenomenon societies in a finish are non any longer in an orderly manner and this does non do sense to take into consideration national designation within many societies as many tourer have different nationalities and the state where they have taken birth may non be the same as the state of their nationality. Furthermore, civilization and individuality issues must be taken into history as these are a challenge in offering sustainability in touristry, as respects guaranting sustainability in touristry, continuing existent civilization and individuality of people who are populating and working at touristry finishs. Additionally, touristry will take to a disappearing of local individuality and values Griswold, ( 2004 ) ; A Hitchcock, ( 1999 ) ; A Santos A ; Buzinde, ( 2007 ) . 2.5.8 Social Exchange Theory Blau ( 1964, p.91 ) stated that ( SET ) refers to societal exchange as voluntary actions of persons that are inspirited by what they expect in returns to convey and normally execute in fact bring from others. ( SET ) makes spouses in a relationship more affiliated and organizes common trust, Moore and Cunningham III, ( 1999 ) . Harmonizing to Long, Perdue and Allen ( 1990 ) reported that there has been a favourable attitude toward touristry was straight linked to back up for growing of the tourer base. SET consists of a psychological and sociological position that demonstrates the alteration and stableness as a method of discussed exchanges between people in society. In taking into history of the human societal interactions, societal exchange theory operates on the belief that persons are in most instances rational and acquire into computations of costs and benefits in societal exchanges. This exchange of benefits is besides encase in the cultural construct of guanxi or relationsh ips among the Chinese people which have affected concern relationship for centuries in Asia. Furthermore, ( SET ) forecasts societal relationships to be established on each spouse s motivational part and foreseen net incomes. ( SET ) besides says that clients involve themselves in a relationship because they want to accomplish something that by themselves they can non in turn achieve. Customers will besides confirm whether they want to maintain the relationship or to stop it.

GED Study Guide for Chemistry

GED Study Guide for Chemistry The GED, or General Education Development Test, is taken in the U.S. or Canada to demonstrate proficiency in high school-level academic skills. The exam most commonly is taken by people who did not complete high school or receive a high school diploma. Passing the GED grants a General Equivalency Diploma (also called a GED). One section of the GED covers science, including chemistry. The test is multiple choice, drawing on concepts from the following areas: The Structure of MatterThe Chemistry of LifeProperties of MatterChemical Reactions The Structure of Matter All substances consist of  matter.  Matter  is anything which has mass and takes up space. Some important concepts to remember about  matter  are: Matter  is made up of one or more of over 92 naturally-occurring  elements.Each  element  is a pure substance, made up of only one type of  atom.An  atom  consists of three types of particles:  protons,  neutrons, and  electrons. An atom does not need to have all three particles, but will always contain at least protons.Electrons  are  negatively charged  particles,  protons  have a positive charge, and  neutrons  do not have an electrical charge.An atom has an inner core called a  nucleus, which is where the protons and neutrons are located. The electrons orbit around the outside of the nucleus.Two main forces hold atoms together. The  electric force  holds the electrons in orbit around the nucleus. Opposite charges attract, so the electrons are drawn to the protons in the nucleus. The  nuclear force  holds the protons and neutrons together within the nucleus. The Periodic Table The  periodic table  is a chart which organizes the chemical elements. The elements are categorized according to the following attributes: Atomic Number  - number of protons in the nucleusAtomic Mass  - sum of the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleusGroup  - columns or multiple columns in the periodic table. Elements in a group share similar chemical and physical properties.Period  - rows from left to right in the period table. Elements in a period have the same number of energy shells. Matter can exist in the form of a pure element, but combinations of elements are more common. Molecule  - a molecule is a combination of two or more atoms (could be  from  the same or different elements, such as H2  or H2O)Compound  - a compound is a combination of two or more  chemically-bonded  elements. Generally, compounds are considered to be a subclass of molecules (some people will argue they are determined by the types of chemical bonds). A  chemical formula  is a shorthand way of showing the elements contained in a molecule/compound and their ratio. For example, H2O, the chemical formula for water, shows that two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen to form a molecule of water. Chemical bonds hold atoms together. Ionic Bond  - formed when  an electron transfers  from one atom to anotherCovalent Bond  - formed when two atoms share one or more electrons The Chemistry of Life Life on earth depends on the chemical element  carbon, which is present in every living thing. Carbon is so important, it forms the basis for two branches of chemistry, organic  chemistry  and biochemistry. The GED will expect you to be familiar with the following terms: Hydrocarbons  - molecules that only contain the elements carbon and hydrogen (e.g., CH4  is a hydrocarbon while CO2  is not)Organic  - refers to the chemistry of living things, all of which contain the element carbonOrganic Chemistry  - study of the chemistry of carbon compounds involved in life (so, studying diamond, which is a crystalline form of carbon, isnt included in organic chemistry, but studying how methane is produced is covered by organic chemistry)Organic Molecules  - molecules that have carbon atoms linked together in a straight line (carbon chain) or in a circular ring (carbon ring)Polymer  - hydrocarbons which have chained together Properties of Matter Phases of Matter Each phase of matter has its own chemical and physical properties. The phases of matter you need to know are: Solid  - a solid has a definite shape and volumeLiquid  - a liquid has a definite  volume  but can change shapeGas  - the shape and volume of a gas can change Phase Changes These phases of matter can change from one to another. Remember the definitions of the following phase changes: Melting  - melting occurs when a substance changes from a solid to a liquidBoiling  - boiling is when a substance changes from a liquid to a gasCondensing  - condensation is when  a gas changes  to a liquidFreezing  - freezing is when  a liquid changes  to a solid Physical Chemical Changes The changes that take place in substances may be categorized  in  two classes: Physical Change  - does not produce a new substance (e.g., phase changes, crushing a can)Chemical Change  - produces a new substance (e.g., burning, rusting, photosynthesis) Solutions A solution results from combining two or more substances. Making a solution can produce either a physical or chemical change. You can tell them apart this way: The original substances can be separated from one another if the solution produces only a physical change.The original substances cannot be separated from one another if a chemical change took place. Chemical Reactions A  chemical reaction  is  the process  that occurs when two or more substances combine to produce a chemical change. The important terms to remember are: chemical equation  -  name  was given  to the shorthand used to describe the steps of a chemical reactionreactants  - the starting materials for a chemical reaction; the substances that combine in the reactionproducts  - the substances that are formed as a result of a chemical reactionchemical reaction rate  - the speed at which a chemical reaction occursactivation energy  - the external energy that has to be added in order for a chemical reaction to  occurcatalyst  - a substance that helps a chemical reaction to occur (lowers the activation energy), but does not participate in the reaction itselfLaw of Conservation of Mass  - this Law states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The number of reactant atoms of a chemical reaction will be the same as the number of product atoms.

Funny Birthday Card Messages and Quotes

Funny Birthday Card Messages and Quotes Theres not much better  than a spot-on,  hilarious  line  to tickle your funny bone. Everyone wants to wish the birthday person Happy birthday in their own style so why not use some humor? Some people like to use inspirational birthday quotes  to express their good wishes, while  others enjoy making witty comments about birthdays. However, the ones that are always appealing are the funny birthday quotes. Humor can be a great stress-buster, especially if your comedic timing is on point.   How Much Is Too Much? Jokes are always great icebreakers, but what if you cross the threshold of decency? What if your joke, instead of causing ripples of laughter, causes bubbles of fury? To be able to deliver a funny birthday message, you need to be sensitive towards others. If the birthday person has a low tolerance for personal jokes, steer clear of the common pitfalls. That means, no jokes about weight, color, race, gender, or any physical deformity. Politically incorrect humor can boomerang, especially when used in birthday cards. Funny birthday wishes that tease someone about their habits, fears, or idiosyncrasies are usually considered acceptable.Humor also has to be tailored keeping in mind your relation to the birthday person. If you are sending a birthday wish to a very close friend or family member, you can be more wicked in your humor. But you may want to think twice about using dirty humor with your  boss, for example. The Done to Death Humor Some jokes are fun the first time you read them, however, when you read the same joke year after year, you tend to get tired of it it is hard to even smile over the stale joke. If you want to pep up your friend with funny quotes, make sure that you have not used them before. If you cant create your own humor, use the help of random funny quotes to create your own humorous line. Say What You Mean, Mean What You Say Humor is a potent medium of communication, and sometimes you run the risk of over communicating. What does that mean? Well, some jokes are full of innuendo, leaving room for different types of interpretation. So watch out for the ones that take off on a tangent. If you intend to use a pun, make sure that you are not offending anybodys sensibilities. How to Use Funny Birthday Messages To successfully pull off a side-splitting birthday message, heres what to do: Think about the person you are sending the birthday message to, and ask yourself, Whats unique about this person? Perhaps she or he is lazy, a workaholic, perhaps she has many pets or is a stickler for cleanliness. Then use this information to scout around the Internet for funny birthday quotes. Having found one that fits the bill, you can either use the original or tweak it to suit your humor style. That way, youll have an original greeting every time you send out birthday wishes. Famous Funny Birthday Quotes   Bette DavisOld age is not for sissies. ​ Satchel PaigeHow old would you be if you didnt know how old you are?​ Mitch Hedberg I wanted to buy a candle holder, but the store didnt have one. So I got a cake. ​ Doug CouplandHandmade presents are scary because they reveal that you have too much free time. ​ Norman WisdomAs you get older, three things happen: The first is your memory goes, and I cant remember the other two.   Franklin AdamsThe worst gift is a fruitcake. There is only one fruitcake in the entire world, and people keep sending it to each other. ​ Al FormanI occasionally get birthday cards from fans. But it’s often the same message: They hope it’s my last. ​ J. P. SearsLet us respect gray hairs, especially our own.​ Maurice ChevalierOld age isn’t so bad when you consider the alternative. ​ Benny HillHave you noticed that all the people in favor of birth control are already born? ​ Friedrich NietzscheBlessed are the forgetful: for they get the better even of their blunders. ​ Josh BillingsEvery man has his follies and often they are the most interesting thing he has got. ​ Jane AustenYou have delighted us long enough. I have met a lot of hardboiled eggs in my time, but youre twenty minutes. Sometimes the road less traveled is less traveled for a reason. ​ Bill CosbyA word to the wise aint necessary its the stupid ones that need the advice. ​ C. E. M. JoadMen are like wine. Some turn to vinegar, but the best improve with age. ​ John P. GrierYou are only young once, but you can be immature for a lifetime. ​ Jim GaffiganPie can’t compete with cake. Put candles in a cake, it’s a birthday cake. Put candles in a pie, and somebody’s drunk in the kitchen. ​ Steven WrightFor my birthday I got a humidifier and a dehumidifier. I put them in the same room and let them fight it out. I can stand brute force, but brute reason is quite unbearable. There is something unfair about its use. It is hitting below the intellect. ​ Dorothy ParkerIf you want to know what God thinks of money, just look at the people he gave it to. ​ Colonel SandersTheres no reason to be the richest man in the cemetery. You cant do any business from there. ​ Jack HandeyBefore you criticize someone, you should walk a mile in their shoes. That way when you criticize them, you are a mile away from them and you have their shoes.

The Age of Discovery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Age of Discovery - Essay Example Specifically, whether the phrase Age of Discovery appropriately describes this era as the most significant age of human discovery; the rampant rush to imperialistic tactics by the invading nations and the consequences including the subsequent escalating slave trade. The Age of Discovery refers to the time in history when Europeans discovered the Americas. Explorers following the ships of Christopher Columbus found, on their own planet, a new land mass inhabited by humans. Of all mankind’s explorations, this period of discovery had the most impact on the future of the world’s collective societies. It caused the questioning of Christian religious dogma which encouraged the further use of critical thought on a widespread scale thus allowing society to advance both in knowledge and in the concept of human thought (Kreis, 2002). Until it was proved differently, church officials deemed it heresy to suggest the Earth was round because the Bible refers to the ‘four corners of the world.’ In addition, if God flooded the world and only Noah’s family survived, where did these people come from? The scientific boom that began in the 1600’s and continues to this day owes much to the Age of Discovery that preceded it. T he church was no longer able to stifle scientific knowledge following the events of this era. Additionally, the economy of Portugal, then Spain, Europe, and Asia among others experienced a revival due to the increasing slave trade and the lifestyle and cultural traditions of the native people of the ‘new world’ were forever altered. The term ‘discovery’ would indeed accurately describe this ‘age’ more so than any other era in human history. Simply finding the new land mass populated by humans would itself qualify the definition (Kreis, 2002).

The Buffalo Soldiers in World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Buffalo Soldiers in World War II - Essay Example As expected, they were discriminated during their service in the army. Many officers did not wanted to command them including George Armstrong Custer. Their role eventually dwindled due to discrimination as their participation in World War I was limited. The idea of the Buffalo soldiers in 1866 was carried on to the Second World War when the 92nd Infantry Division which were composed of African American soldiers under the command of Maj. Gen. Edward M. Almond. They adapted the insignia of the Buffalo soldiers and were hence nicknamed the â€Å"Buffalo Soldiers Division†. This division fought in Europe in the Second World War particularly in Italy from 1944 until the war ended. Unlike in World War I where their role was diminished, the Buffalo soldier fought at the front line in the European Campaign with the tankers of the U.S. 1st Armored division and fought until the war ended. African American 92nd Infantry Division Fought in Italy During World War II. (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2015, from

Virginia Hamilton Essay Example for Free

Virginia Hamilton Essay Virginia Esther Hamilton was born on March 12, 1934 in Yellow Springs, Ohio. She was the youngest of 5 children. She lived on a farm with her family ever since her grandfather Levi Perry was brought as a baby through the underground railroad. Virginia proved to be a wonderful learner, especially when it came to writing. She graduated as one of the best students from her high school. She then attended Antioch College, but soon decided to transfer to Ohio State University. Virginia dreamed of becoming an author and decided to major in literature and creative writing. Virginia soon moved to New York in 1958 where she worked as a museum receptionist, cost accountant, and nightclub singer. Even while doing all these activities, she kept on trying to become an author. She began to study at the New School for Social Research. In 1960 met Arnold Adoff, a teacher who loved poetry. They soon married. Since Arnold could now make money for them, Virginia kept her full attention on writing. However, her writing took a break when she gave birth to two children. Virginia and Arnold soon built their dream house back in Yellow Springs where they both focused on literature. Soon, Virginia became one of the most well known authors in the U. S. During her entire lifetime, she had published 41 extremely popular books. The genres of her books differed, but in them there was much feeling and emotion. Some of her stories described the lives  of African Americans. Virginia won many awards for youth literature. February 19th, 2002 was a sad day for America, as Virginia Esther Hamilton’s death had arrived. Breast cancer had done too much damage. However, the Hamilton family’s blood was still Virginia’s granddaughter Anaya Grace Adoff, was born on November 26, 2008 and is still living today. Virginia is still known as one of America’s most honored writers of children’s literature and will always be.

Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Response to the Far Right Concerning

A Response to the Far Right Concerning Gay Marriage Mr. Far Right has claimed that neither the Constitution nor the Bill of Rights mentions the right of homosexual couples to marry. I think that it would be safe to say that a homosexual couple who wishes to marry is seeking their own definition of happiness. Did Mr. Far Right conveniently skip over the part about "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" that is the very spirit of both these documents? "Mankind are greater gainers by suffering each other to live as seems good to themselves than by compelling each to live as seems good to the rest" --On Liberty, John Stuart Mill Next, Mr. Far Right states that homosexuality is an "abomination" to the Lord. Ah, I see. Now he is making moral judgements about homosexuality based upon a theology that not everyone agrees with. Is this a private game, or can anyone play? To illustrate my next point, allow me to relate a story I one read, "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" by Ursula Le Guin. Behold the fair city of Omelas. In this shining city the people are happy. And why shouldn't they be? The children are beautiful, the food plenty, and crime is nonexistent. Nothing is unhappy in Omelas, well, almost. Locked in the small earthen basement of one of the largest houses in the city is a small child. This child is the source of all the splendor of the city. It is the sacrifice of this child's tortured existence by the city that makes its happiness and beauty possible. This boy is not a secret, however. In fact, every citizen of the city has to view and acknowledge the child for the city to retain is idyllic state. Most people view the boy and, after a brief pang of ... ... environments. It seems to me that there isn't a single good argument in Mr. Far Right' entire article against gay marriage. Mr. Far Right’s statements bring painfully to light the kind of ignorance that is rampant in our society. To quote Albert Einstein "Only two things are infinite; the universe and human stupidity, and I am not sure about the former." Although a ruling concerning gay marriage would have no affect on me directly, it deeply concerns me as to the kind of society that might be a result of a negative ruling. Once the rights of one group of people are restricted, what's to stop the restriction of another group’s rights? "Whatever crushes individuality is despotism, by whatever name it may be called and whether it professes to be enforcing the will of God or the injunctions of men." --On Liberty, John Stuart Mill

Selfishness and Comment Shows Rufus

In the book Kindred, there are many characters that are interesting. One reason this is true, is because the book forwards through time very fast and we see many characters go from infantile to grown adult. One character that changed throughout the story was Rufus Weylin. His development was incredibly interesting because the story somewhat revolves around what he does or what is happening to him. We see him as a very young child to a twenty five year old adult. In this story, Rufus is the most interesting because he develops from a young impressionable child, to a selfish man influenced highly by the antebellum South and other things.First off, when we get the first glimpse into Rufus the boy he is burning his drapery to get attention from his father. He then mentions how he had also burned a barn. Here, we can already tell that Rufus likes to be heard, get his way, and when he doesn’t his reaction is way too exaggerated. He also is already influenced by what he sees around h im. He says to Dana, â€Å"You have to say it†¦ young master†¦you’re suppose to. † Dana responds, â€Å"No. † Rufus grips her arm and says, â€Å"Yes! † This reaction Rufus displays to Dana shows his influence of slave owning times and his inability to accept rejection.Although, when Dana says, â€Å"Rufe, don’t burn anything else. † He responds with, â€Å"I wont. † This indicates that he can take direction from another person and someone who is black, and this leads you to think that maybe he can learn to take direction and possibly change his ways. When Dana returns to the Weylin plantation with Kevin Rufus says, â€Å"Does Dana belong to you now?†¦ wife!†¦ niggers can’t marry white people! † This reaction shows that Rufus was indeed fitting into his society’s way of thinking and the mere idea of their marriage was insanity.However, as Dana returns again Rufus was indeed changing. This time he was trying to be with Alice, a black girl he had grown up with. As a child Rufus had this girl as his friend, but Rufus was now turning into his father, trying to take a black woman to bed with him. He had gone from a boy hating his father to a young man becoming him. Alice said, He tried to get Judge Holman to sell Isaac south to keep me from marrying him. † This also shows that Rufus is growing into a selfish young man with rash reactions. Similar to when he was a child.Though a lot of his reactions now hurt the ones he loves. He said to Dana about Alice running away, â€Å"Jail. A good whipping. Then they’ll sell her. † â€Å"She’ll be a slave? † â€Å"Her own fault. † This is a good example of his rash harshness. Even though at many points in the story Rufus seems awful, he still has some humanity in him. When asked if he would ever sell anyone like his father he responds, â€Å"I don’t know. I don’t think so. † Th is one comment shows Rufus may be some things but heartless isn’t one of them. In fact, Rufus seems to constantly yearning for someone’s love.When Alice was being healed Rufus says this time has been great because Alice hasn’t hated him. Although Rufus does hit Alice later when she doesn’t show him love. This shows that Rufus will not be rejected by anyone. His love for Dana even drives him to hold a gun to her and yell, â€Å"You’re not leaving!†¦ Damn you, you’re not leaving me! † Rufus’ need for his way and only his way continues when his father passes away. He says, â€Å"you let him die?†¦ You let him die†¦damn you to hell, you let him die!†¦ you just let him die. † His repetition shows his irrational behavior.He doesn’t take into account that Dana has just saved his life and there was nothing to do for Tom Weylin. Rufus continues to show his selfish behavior mixed with his plantation upbr inging when he sends Dana to the fields to work as punishment. His ultimate step into becoming a plantation owner was with his father passing, and now he was far from the person that said he would never sell a slave. His authority is really noticeable when he says, â€Å"You walk away from me, Dana, you’ll be back in the fields in an hour!†¦ Don’t you ever walk away from me again! At this point his threats aren’t him whining like when he was a child, he meant it. Rufus’ character develops a lot near the end of the book as we realize his feelings toward Dana all to clearly. In the middle of the night he approaches Alice and Dana and says, â€Å"You really are only one woman. Did you know that? † Rufus had Alice for his physical needs and Dana for his emotional. We start to see that Dana wasn’t just his friend; he needed to have her, no matter what. His jealously became clear when he sold the slave Sam for just speaking to Dana.He said, â€Å"He wanted you†¦he wanted you. † He then says to Dana, â€Å"Your so much like her, I can hardly stand it. † Rufus’ relationship with Dana had gone from friendship and understanding to Rufus wanting more and he aimed to have it. When we see that Rufus was allowing his son to call him daddy finally it was reminder of his humanity. We see that in some ways he was still good, and not racked with intense emotions. However, his humane side diminishes slowly with his irrational wants, desires and need for affection.Rufus’ character is interesting because of his development throughout this novel. In some ways it was radical and in others it was not. As a child he seemed to react too strongly in situations, like he does throughout his life. As a child you think he may change and not let his times control the way he thinks, but as he becomes an adult it’s obvious the South and his father have a big effect on him. In the end, Rufus’ selfishn ess, dominance, possession, and jealousy outweigh his sincerity, ultimately leading to his demise.

Practical Demonkeeping Chapter 24-25

24 AUGUSTUS BRINE Augustus Brine was sitting in his pickup, parked a block away from Jenny's house. In the morning twilight he could just make out the outline of Jenny's Toyota and an old Chevy parked in front. The king of the Djinn sat in the passenger seat next to Brine, his rheumy blue eyes just clearing the dashboard. Brine was sipping from a cup of his special secret roast coffee. The thermos was empty and he was savoring the last full cup. The last cup, perhaps, that he would ever drink. He tried to call up a Zen calm, but it was not forthcoming and he berated himself; trying to think about it pushed it farther from his grasp. â€Å"Like trying to bite the teeth,† the Zen proverb went. â€Å"There is not only nothing to grasp, but nothing with which to grasp it.† The closest he was going to get to no-mind was to go home and destroy a few million brain cells with a few bottles of wine – not an option. â€Å"You are troubled, Augustus Brine.† The Djinn had been silent for over an hour. At the sound of his voice Brine was startled and almost spilled his coffee. â€Å"It's the car,† Brine said. â€Å"What if the demon is in the car? There's no way to know.† â€Å"I will go look.† â€Å"Look? You said he was invisible.† â€Å"I will get in the car and feel around. I will sense him if he is that close.† â€Å"And if he's there?† â€Å"I will come back and tell you. He cannot harm me.† â€Å"No.† Brine stroked his beard. â€Å"I don't want them to know we're here until the last minute. I'll risk it.† â€Å"I hope you can move fast, Augustus Brine. If Catch sees you, he will be on you in an instant.† â€Å"I can move,† Brine said with a confidence that he did not feel. He felt like a fat, old man – tired and a little wired from too much coffee and not enough sleep. â€Å"The woman!† The Djinn poked Brine with a bony finger. Jenny was coming out of the house in her waitress uniform. She made her way down the front steps and across the shallow front yard to her Toyota. â€Å"At least she's still alive.† Brine was preparing to move. With Jenny out of the house one of their problems was solved, but there would be little time to act. The demonkeeper could come out at any moment. If their trap was not set, all would be lost. The Toyota turned over twice and died. A cloud of blue smoke coughed out of the exhaust pipe. The engine cranked, caught again, sputtered, and died; blue smoke. â€Å"If she goes back to the house, we have to stop her,† Brine said. â€Å"You will give yourself away. The trap will not work.† â€Å"I can't let her go back in that house.† â€Å"She is only one woman, Augustus Brine. The demon Catch will kill thousands if he is not stopped.† â€Å"She's a friend of mine.† The Toyota cranked again weakly, whining like an injured animal, then fired up. Jenny revved the engine and pulled away leaving a trail of oily smoke. â€Å"That's it,† Brine said. â€Å"Let's go.† Brine started the truck, pulled forward, and stopped. â€Å"Turn off the engine,† the Djinn said. â€Å"You're out of your mind. We leave it running.† â€Å"How will you hear the demon if he comes before you are ready?† Begrudgingly, Brine turned off the key. â€Å"Go!† he said. Brine and the Djinn jumped out of the truck and ran around to the bed. Brine dropped the tailgate. There were twenty ten-pound bags of flour, each with a wire sticking out of the top. Brine grabbed a bag in each hand, ran to the middle of the yard, paying out wire behind him as he went. The Djinn wrestled one bag out of the truck and carried it like a babe in his arms to the far corner of the yard. With each trip to the truck Brine could feel panic growing inside him. The demon could be anywhere. Behind him the Djinn stepped on a twig and Brine swung around clutching his chest. â€Å"It is only me,† the Djinn said. â€Å"If the demon is here, he will come after me first. You may have time to escape.† â€Å"Just get these unloaded,† Brine said. Ninety seconds after they had started, the front yard was dotted with flour bags, and a spider web of wires led back to the truck. Brine hoisted the Djinn into the bed of the truck and handed him two lead wires. The Djinn took the wires and crouched over a car battery that Brine had secured to the bed of the truck with duct tape. â€Å"Count ten, then touch the wires to the battery,† Brine said. â€Å"After they go off, start the truck.† Brine turned and ran across the yard to the front steps. The small porch was too close to the ground for Brine to crawl under, so he crouched beside it, covering his face with his arms, counting to himself, â€Å"seven, eight, nine, ten.† Brine braced himself for the explosion. The seal bombs were not powerful enough to cause injury when detonated one at a time, but twenty at once might produce a considerable shock wave. â€Å"Eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, shit!† Brine stood up and tried to see into the bed of the truck. â€Å"The wires, Gian Hen Gian!† â€Å"It is done!† Came the answer. Before Brine could say anything else the explosions began – not a single blast, but a series of blasts like a huge string of firecrackers. For a moment the world turned white with flour. Then storms of flame swirled around the front of the house and mushroomed into the sky as the airborne flour was ignited by successive explosions. The lower branches of the pines were seared and pine needles crackled as they burned. At the sight of the fire storms, Brine dove to the ground and covered his head. When the explosion subsided, he stood and tried to see through the fog of flour, smoke, and soot that hung in the air. Behind him he heard the front door open. He turned and reached up into the doorway, felt his hand close around the front of a man's shirt, and yanked back, hoping he was not pulling a demon down off the steps. â€Å"Catch!† the man screamed. â€Å"Catch!† Unable to see though the gritty air, Brine punched blindly at the squirming man. His meaty fist connected with something hard and the man went limp in his arms. Brine heard the truck start. He dragged the unconscious man across the yard toward the sound of the running engine. In the distance a siren began to wail. He bumped into the truck before he saw it. He opened the door and threw the man onto the front seat, knocking Gian Hen Gian against the opposite door. Brine jumped into the truck, put it into gear, and sped out of the doughy conflagration into the light of morning. â€Å"You did not tell me there would be fire,† the Djinn said. â€Å"I didn't know.† Brine coughed and wiped flour out of his eyes. â€Å"I thought all the charges would go off at once. I forgot that the fuses would burn at different rates. I didn't know that flour would catch fire – it was just supposed to cover everything so we could see the demon coming.† â€Å"The demon Catch was not there.† Brine was on the verge of losing control. Covered in flour and soot, he looked like an enraged abominable snowman. â€Å"How do you know that? If we didn't have the cover of the flour, I might be dead now. You didn't know where he was before. How can you know he wasn't there? Huh? How do you know?† â€Å"The demonkeeper has lost control of Catch. Otherwise you would not have been able to harm him.† â€Å"Why didn't you tell me that before? Why don't you tell me these things in advance?† â€Å"I forgot.† â€Å"I might have been killed.† â€Å"To die in the service of the great Gian Hen Gian – what an honor. I envy you, Augustus Brine.† The Djinn removed his stocking cap, shook off the flour, and held it to his chest in salute. His bald head was the only part of him that was not covered in flour. Augustus Brine began to laugh. â€Å"What is funny?† The Djinn asked. â€Å"You look like a worn brown crayon.† Brine was snorting with laughter. â€Å"King of the Djinn. Give me a break.† â€Å"What's so funny?† Travis said, groggily. Keeping his left hand on the wheel, Augustus Brine snapped out his right fist and coldcocked the demonkeeper. 25 AMANDA Amanda Elliot told her daughter that she wanted to leave early to beat the Monterey traffic, but the truth was that she didn't sleep well away from home. The idea of spending another morning in Estelle's guest room trying to be quiet while waiting for the house to awaken was more than she could stand. She was up at five, dressed and on the road before five-thirty. Estelle stood in the driveway in her nightgown waving as her mother drove away. Over the last few years Amanda's visits had been tearful and miserable. Estelle could not resist pointing out that each moment she spent with her mother might be the last. Amanda responded, at first, by comforting her daughter and assuring her that she would be around for many more years to come. But as time passed, Estelle refused to let the subject lie, and Amanda answered her concern with pointed comparisons between her own energy level and that of Estelle's layabout husband, Herb. â€Å"If it weren't for his finger moving on the remote control you'd never know he was alive at all.† As much as Amanda was irritated by Effrom marauding around the house like an old tomcat, she needed only to think of Herb, permanently affixed to Estelle's couch, to put her own husband in a favorable light. Compared to Herb, Effrom was Errol Flynn and Douglas Fairbanks rolled into one: a connubial hero. Amanda missed him. She drove five miles per hour over the speed limit, changing lanes aggressively, and checking her mirrors for highway patrol cars. She was an old woman, but she refused to drive like one. She made the hundred miles to Pine Cove in just over an hour and a half. Effrom would be in his workshop now, working on his wood carvings and smoking cigarettes. She wasn't supposed to know about the cigarettes any more than she was supposed to know that Effrom spent every morning watching the women's exercise show. Men have to have their secret lives and forbidden pleasures, real or perceived. Cookies snitched from the jar are always sweeter than those served on a plate, and nothing evokes the prurient like puritanism. Amanda played her role for Effrom, staying on his tail, keeping him alert to the possibility of discovery, but never quite catching him in the act. Today she would pull in the driveway and rev the engine, take a long time getting into the house to make sure that Effrom heard her coming so he could take a shot of breath spray to cover the smell of tobacco on his breath. Didn't it occur to the old fart that she was the one who bought the breath spray and brought it home with the groceries each week? Silly old man. When Amanda entered the house, she noticed an acrid, burnt smell in the air. She had never smelled cordite, so she assumed that Effrom had been cooking. She went to the kitchen expecting to see the ruined remains of one of her frying pans, but the kitchen, except for a few cracker crumbs on the counter, was clean. Maybe the smell was coming from the workshop. Amanda usually avoided going near Effrom's workshop when he was working, mainly to avoid the sound of the high-speed drills he used for carving, which reminded her of the unpleasantness of the dentist's office. Today there was no sound coming from the workshop. She knocked on the door, gently, so as not to startle him. â€Å"Effrom, I'm home.† He had to be able to hear her. A chill ran through her. She had imagined finding Effrom cold and stiff a thousand times, but always she was able to push the thought out of her mind. â€Å"Effrom, open this door!† She had never entered the workshop. Except for a few toys that Effrom dragged out at Christmastime to donate to local charities, Amanda never even saw any of the carvings he produced. The workshop was Effrom's sacred domain. Amanda paused, her hand on the doorknob. Maybe she should call someone. Maybe she should call her granddaughter, Jennifer, and have her come over. If Effrom were dead she didn't want to face it alone. But what if he was just hurt, lying there on the floor waiting for help. She opened the door. Effrom was not there. She breathed a sigh of relief, then her anxiety returned. Where was he? The workshop's shelves were filled with carved wooden figures, some only a few inches high, some several feet long. Every one of them was a figure of a nude woman. Hundreds of nude women. She studied each figure, fascinated with this new aspect of her husband's secret life. The figures were running, reclining, crouching, and dancing. Except for a few figures on the workbench that were still in the rough stage, each of the carvings was polished and oiled and incredibly detailed. And they all had something in common: they were studies of Amanda. Most were of her when she was younger, but they were unmistakably her. Amanda standing, Amanda reclining, Amanda dancing, as if Effrom were trying to preserve her. She felt a scream rising in her chest and tears filling her eyes. She turned away from the carvings and left the workshop. â€Å"Effrom! Where are you, you old fart?† She went from room to room, looking in every corner and closet; no Effrom. Effrom didn't go for walks. And even if he'd had a car, he didn't drive anymore. If he had gone somewhere with a friend, he would have left a note. Besides, all his friends were dead: the Pine Cove Poker Club had lost its members, one by one, until solitaire was the only game in town. She went to the kitchen and stood by the phone. Call who? The police? The hospital? What would they say when she told them she had been home almost five minutes and couldn't find her husband? They would tell her to wait. They wouldn't understand that Effrom had to be here. He couldn't be anywhere else. She would call her granddaughter. Jenny would know what to do. She would understand. Amanda took a deep breath and dialed the number. A machine answered the phone. She stood there waiting for the beep. When it came, she tried to keep her voice controlled, â€Å"Jenny, honey, this is Grandma, call me. I can't find your grandfather.† Then she hung up and began sobbing. The phone rang and Amanda jumped back. She picked it up before the second ring. â€Å"Hello?† â€Å"Oh, good, you're home.† It was a woman's voice. â€Å"Mrs. Elliot, you've probably seen the bullet hole in your bedroom door. Don't be frightened. If you listen carefully and follow my instructions, everything will be fine.†

Housing problems and Options essays

Housing problems and Options essays Everyone needs a house. Rich people poor people; all people are included. This is a problem, because housing costs a great deal of money. Poor people that can barely afford food and clothing also have a difficult time finding affordable housing. As a result, some live in unsafe and unsanitary conditions that are badly in need of repair. As we read in several Los Angeles Times articles, there are many people here in the Valley that live in places like these, and that live way below the poverty line. Many of these unkempt dwellings reside in the inner city of large urban areas, such as Los Angeles, Philadelphia or Chicago. According to our textbook, (page 338) Poverty rates in the central city are about two times higher then the poverty rates for suburban areas. In some metropolitan areas, the differences in poverty rates are even higher. Poor people reside in the central city for two different reasons, according to discussions on various economic models from lecture. First, the farther away that you get from the central business district, the higher your transportation costs to get to your job (assuming that the job is located in the CBD). If you can not afford to commute to your work, you will be unable to keep your job, making you worse off economically. Therefore, you would chose to locate your residence close to your place of employment (closer to the CBD) in order to reduce your transportation costs. IF you live close enough to your place of employment, you may not need to use any form of transportation other then your feet, which doesnt cost you anything but your time. The second reason has to do with where new houses are built. New homes are built on land that was previously undeveloped, usually located on the outer edge of the residential district, furthest away from the central business district. The wealthiest people move into these new homes, leaving the upper middle class to move into their old r...

The Inclusive Classroom Best Supports Student Success

The Inclusive Classroom Best Supports Student Success Federal law in the United States (according to the IDEA) prescribes that students with disabilities should be placed in their neighborhood school with as much time as possible in a general education setting. This is LRE, or Least Restrictive Environment, provides that children should receive educational services with their typical peers unless education there cannot be achieved satisfactorily even with appropriate supplementary aids and services. A district is required to maintain a full range of environments from least restrictive (general education) to most restrictive (special schools).   The Successful Inclusive Classroom Keys to success include: Students need to be active - not passive learners.Children should be encouraged to make choices as often as possible, a good teacher will allow students some time to flounder as some of the most powerful learning stems from taking risks and learning from mistakes.Parental involvement is crucial.Students with disabilities must be free to learn at their own pace and have accommodations and alternative assessment strategies in place to meet their unique needs.Students need to experience success, learning goals need to be specific, attainable and measurable and have some challenge to them. What is the Teachers Role? The teacher facilitates the learning by encouraging, prompting, interacting, and probing with good questioning techniques, such as How do you know its right- can you show me how?. The teacher provides 3-4 activities that address the multiple learning styles and enables students make choices. For instance, in a spelling activity a student may choose to cut and paste the letters from newspapers or use magnetic letters to manipulate the words or use colored shaving cream to print the words. The teacher will have mini-conferences with students. The teacher will provide many learning manipulatives and opportunities for small group learning. Parent volunteers are helping with counting, reading, assisting with unfinished tasks, journals, reviewing basic concepts such as math facts and sight words. In the inclusive classroom, a teacher will differentiate instruction as much as possible, which will benefit both the students with and without disabilities, since it will provide more individual attention and attention to What Does the Classroom Look Like? The classroom is a beehive of activity. Students should be engaged in problem solving activities.   John Dewey once said, the only time we think is when were given a problem. The classroom that is child centered relies on  learning centers to support whole group and small group instruction. There will be a language center with learning goals, perhaps a media center with opportunity to listen to taped stories or create a multimedia presentation on the computer. There will be a music  center and a math center with many manipulatives. Expectations should always be clearly stated prior to students engaging in learning activities. Effective classroom management tools and routines will provide students with reminders about the acceptable noise level, learning activity and accountability for producing a finished product or accomplishing the center tasks. The teacher will supervise learning throughout the centers while either landing at one center for small group instruction or creating Teacher Time as a rotation. Activities at the center take into consideration multiple intelligences and learning styles. Learning  center time should begin with whole class instructions and end with whole class debriefing and evaluation: How did we do with maintaining a successful learning environment? Which centers were the most fun?  Where did you learn the most? Learning centers are a great way to differentiate instruction.  You will place some activities that every child can complete, and some activities designed for advanced, on level and remediated instruction. Models for Inclusion: Co-teaching:  Often this approach is used by school districts, especially in secondary settings.  I have often heard from general education teachers who are co-teaching provide very little support, are not involved in planning, in assessment or in instruction. Sometimes they just dont show up and tell their general ed partners when they have scheduled and IEP.  Effective co-teachers help with planning, provide suggestions for differentiation across abilities, and do some instruction to give the general education teacher the opportunity to circulate and support all the students in a classroom. Whole Class Inclusion:  Some districts (like those in California) are placing dually certified teachers in classrooms as social studies, math or English Language Arts teachers in secondary classrooms.  The teacher teaches the subject to both students with and without disabilities and carries a caseload of students enrolled in a specific grade, etc.  They would most likely call these inclusion classrooms and include students who are English Language Learners or struggling with grades. Push In:  A resource teacher will come into the general classroom and meet with students during centers time to support their IEP goals and provide small group or individualized instruction.  Often districts will encourage teachers to provide a mix of push in and pull out services. Sometimes the services are provided by a para-professional at the direction of a special education teacher. Pull Out:  This sort of pull out is usually indicated with a Resource Room placement in the IEP.   Students who have significant problems with attention and staying on task may benefit from a quieter setting without distractions.  At the same time, children whose disabilities put them at a significant disadvantage with their typical peers may be more willing to risk reading aloud or doing math if they arent worried about being dissed (dis-respected) or mocked by their general education peers.   What does Assessment Look Like? Observation is key. Knowing what to look for is critical. Does the child give up easily? Does the child persevere? Is the child able to show how he got the task right? The teacher targets a few learning goals per day and a few students per day to observe for goal attainment. Formal/informal interviews will help the assessment process. How closely does the individual remain on task? Why or why not? How does the student feel about the activity? What are their thinking processes? In Summary Successful learning centers require good classroom management and well known rules and procedures. A productive learning environment will take time to implement. The teacher may have to call the whole class together regularly in the beginning to ensure that all rules and expectations are being adhered to. Remember, think big but start small. Introduce a couple of centers per week. See more information on assessment.